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Overcome Fear of Flying Hypnotherapy Session - Steve G. Jones
Effects of Relaxation and Stress on the Capsaicin-Induced Local Inflammatory Response
Researchers at the University of Iowa studied how 3 conditions: stress, relaxation and a control condition, can affect an inflammatory response artificially induced by injecting capsaicin, the pungent compound in chili peppers, under the skin. 50 subjects – 28 men and 22 women – were pre-trained in relaxation, using an imagery-based relaxation tape, and then randomized to one of the experimental groups – a 20-minute stress test, a relaxation tape or a video control, followed by a capsaicin injection in the forearm.
Digitized measurements of flare were taken for 1 hour after the injection, as well as measurements at regular intervals of cardiovascular variables, cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and norepinephrine. Investigators found that the size of the maximum capsaicin-induced flare was significantly smaller in the relaxation group than in the stress or control conditions, which appeared about the same. Increases in norepinephrine, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure during the experimental task, but not after capsaicin, significantly predicted size of maximum flare and total area under the curve of flare measurements. The study concludes that stress reduction may well affect local inflammatory processes. Results are consistent with sympathetic modulation of the effects of relaxation on the flare response.
Essentially, psychology is the study of the mind. More accurately the word means the body of knowledge about the mind. Current textbooks, however, describe it as the “science of the mind.” This is despite the fact that many practitioners of the field take a rather idealistic, unscientific approach.
The field of psychology can trace its roots back to Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt, a German whose life spanned the previous two centuries. Wundt is alternatively regarded as a physician, physiologist, philosopher, and as a professor. He established the first formal laboratory for psychological...
Ever since the Black Death devastated Europe in the 14th century, the mind and body have been considered two separate and distinct entities. Even today, this duality dominates the practice of medicine – and the practice of psychology. Rarely will a physician inquire regarding a patient’s mental state, lifestyle, or spirituality when they come in to resolve a physical condition. Likewise, a psychologist pays little attention to a person’s medical history when dealing with fears and phobias. Even though there are some welcomed and notable exceptions, unfortunately this situation will not change...
Who am I? Ever since Sigmund Freud the concept of the ego has been an intense topic of conversation. We attempt to understand who we are in terms of not only our physical description, but also our values, beliefs, and behaviors. When all of this is considered, we just may have a reasonable concept of our “I-ness.” This can also be referred to as our ego.
In the Freud-influenced Western world a healthy mind is often synonymous with a healthy ego. This means that a stable ego is presumed to be a core requirement for the maintenance of adequate mental health. However, as normal ins-and-outs...
